konan
Monday, 26 May 2008
Monday, 26 May 2008
400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL® lesson 3
LESSON3
Evolution and Migration
Target Words
1. adapt 6. inherent
2. diverse 7. migration
3. evolve 8. physical
4. feature 9. process
5. generation 10. survive
Definitions and Samples
1. adapt v. To adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable
Dinosaurs could not adapt to the warmer temperatures.
The teacher adapted the exercises for his more advanced students.
Usage tips Adapt is often followed by to.
Parts of speech adaptation n, adapter n, adaptable adj
2. diverse n. Various; showing a lot of differences within a group
India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.
Usage tips An -ly adverb (e.g., linguistically) often comes before
diverse.
Parts of speech diversify v, diversity n, diversification n
3. evolve v. To develop; to come forth
Modern-day sharks evolved from their ancestor Eryops, which lived
more than 200 million years ago.
3
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
Usage tips Evolve is often followed by into or from.
Parts of speech evolution n, evolutionist n
4. feature n. Part, characteristic
The best feature of this car is its heated seats.
Usage tips Feature is often followed by of.
Parts of speech feature v
5. generation n. A group of people born at about the same time
As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control
of the company.
Usage tips Before generation, an adjective like new, next, earlier, or
older is common. Generation is often followed by of.
Parts of speech generational adj
6. inherent adj. Naturally characteristic; always found within something,
because it’s a basic part of that thing
No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any
kind of work.
Usage tips Inherent is often followed by in.
Parts of speech inherently adv
7. migration n. Movement from one place to another by a group of people
or animals
The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends
primarily on the harvest.
Usage tips Migration is often followed by to or from.
Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n, migratory adj
8. physical adj. Related to the body; related to materials that can be seen
or felt
Because of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the physical
ability to speak.
Evolution and Migration 13
The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the
east.
Usage tips Physical usually comes before the noun it describes.
Parts of speech physically adv
9. process n. A series of steps leading to a result
To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letterwriting
and interviews.
Usage tips Process is often followed by of plus the -ing form of a
verb.
Parts of speech proceed v, process v
10. survive v. To continue living (despite some danger or illness)
After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survived by eating wild
plants and catching fish.
Usage tips Survive is often followed by a phrase with by.
Parts of speech survivor n, survival n
TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning
to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter
in the blank.
1. physical (a) not an integral part
2. migration (b) stay the same
3. adapt (c) die
4. inherent (d) staying in one place
5. survive (e) mental
TOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in
meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the
blank.
14 Nature
diverse evolved generation process survive
_______________1. Various languages are spoken on the Indian subcontinent.
_______________2. Making bread involves a sequence of steps that takes
about three hours.
_______________3. Few sea turtles manage to live through their first year
of life.
_______________4. This age group tends to support current educational
policies.
_______________5. Her thinking about economics has changed slowly in
the last several months.
TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you
have learned. Answer the questions that follow.
The migration from Asia to North America across the Bering Strait
(perhaps by land bridge) was a monumental event in human history.The
process of overspreading the Americas took more than 1,000 years, or 30
generations.This might seem to confirm common sense—that slow travel
was inherent in any great migration without wheeled
vehicles across unknown terrain. Further thought shows
that this process was remarkably fast—about 10 northsouth
miles per year, on average. The Americas were
populated at an astounding pace, when one considers
the physical limits of the human body and the physical
features of the American continents. Legs of humans can move only so
fast under the best of circumstances, and they work even slower over
mountain passes or deserts. Populations spread through the diverse
regions of the Americas (grasslands, eastern forests, coastal swamps) and
needed to adapt to their new environments.The migrants’ lifestyle had
evolved over the years to that of professional nomads ensuring that they
would find the resources needed to survive.
Evolution and Migration 15
Bonus Structure—
Further thought
means “looking
deeper; thinking
more.”
1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information in this
passage?
a. Human migration across the Bering Strait was remarkably slow.
b. Physical limitations made migration across the Bering Strait almost
impossible.
c. Humans readily adapted to life in the Bering Strait.
d. The migration through the Americas was surprisingly fast.
2. In this passage, the word monumental is closest in meaning to
a. disastrous
b. evolving
c. important
d. physical
Lesson 3 Evolution and Migration
TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c
TOEFL Prep II 1. diverse 2. process 3. survive 4. generation
5. evolved
TOEFL Success 1. a 2. c
Evolution and Migration
Target Words
1. adapt 6. inherent
2. diverse 7. migration
3. evolve 8. physical
4. feature 9. process
5. generation 10. survive
Definitions and Samples
1. adapt v. To adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable
Dinosaurs could not adapt to the warmer temperatures.
The teacher adapted the exercises for his more advanced students.
Usage tips Adapt is often followed by to.
Parts of speech adaptation n, adapter n, adaptable adj
2. diverse n. Various; showing a lot of differences within a group
India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.
Usage tips An -ly adverb (e.g., linguistically) often comes before
diverse.
Parts of speech diversify v, diversity n, diversification n
3. evolve v. To develop; to come forth
Modern-day sharks evolved from their ancestor Eryops, which lived
more than 200 million years ago.
3
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
Usage tips Evolve is often followed by into or from.
Parts of speech evolution n, evolutionist n
4. feature n. Part, characteristic
The best feature of this car is its heated seats.
Usage tips Feature is often followed by of.
Parts of speech feature v
5. generation n. A group of people born at about the same time
As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control
of the company.
Usage tips Before generation, an adjective like new, next, earlier, or
older is common. Generation is often followed by of.
Parts of speech generational adj
6. inherent adj. Naturally characteristic; always found within something,
because it’s a basic part of that thing
No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any
kind of work.
Usage tips Inherent is often followed by in.
Parts of speech inherently adv
7. migration n. Movement from one place to another by a group of people
or animals
The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends
primarily on the harvest.
Usage tips Migration is often followed by to or from.
Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n, migratory adj
8. physical adj. Related to the body; related to materials that can be seen
or felt
Because of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the physical
ability to speak.
Evolution and Migration 13
The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the
east.
Usage tips Physical usually comes before the noun it describes.
Parts of speech physically adv
9. process n. A series of steps leading to a result
To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letterwriting
and interviews.
Usage tips Process is often followed by of plus the -ing form of a
verb.
Parts of speech proceed v, process v
10. survive v. To continue living (despite some danger or illness)
After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survived by eating wild
plants and catching fish.
Usage tips Survive is often followed by a phrase with by.
Parts of speech survivor n, survival n
TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning
to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter
in the blank.
1. physical (a) not an integral part
2. migration (b) stay the same
3. adapt (c) die
4. inherent (d) staying in one place
5. survive (e) mental
TOEFL Prep II Choose the word from the list that is closest in
meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the
blank.
14 Nature
diverse evolved generation process survive
_______________1. Various languages are spoken on the Indian subcontinent.
_______________2. Making bread involves a sequence of steps that takes
about three hours.
_______________3. Few sea turtles manage to live through their first year
of life.
_______________4. This age group tends to support current educational
policies.
_______________5. Her thinking about economics has changed slowly in
the last several months.
TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you
have learned. Answer the questions that follow.
The migration from Asia to North America across the Bering Strait
(perhaps by land bridge) was a monumental event in human history.The
process of overspreading the Americas took more than 1,000 years, or 30
generations.This might seem to confirm common sense—that slow travel
was inherent in any great migration without wheeled
vehicles across unknown terrain. Further thought shows
that this process was remarkably fast—about 10 northsouth
miles per year, on average. The Americas were
populated at an astounding pace, when one considers
the physical limits of the human body and the physical
features of the American continents. Legs of humans can move only so
fast under the best of circumstances, and they work even slower over
mountain passes or deserts. Populations spread through the diverse
regions of the Americas (grasslands, eastern forests, coastal swamps) and
needed to adapt to their new environments.The migrants’ lifestyle had
evolved over the years to that of professional nomads ensuring that they
would find the resources needed to survive.
Evolution and Migration 15
Bonus Structure—
Further thought
means “looking
deeper; thinking
more.”
1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information in this
passage?
a. Human migration across the Bering Strait was remarkably slow.
b. Physical limitations made migration across the Bering Strait almost
impossible.
c. Humans readily adapted to life in the Bering Strait.
d. The migration through the Americas was surprisingly fast.
2. In this passage, the word monumental is closest in meaning to
a. disastrous
b. evolving
c. important
d. physical
Lesson 3 Evolution and Migration
TOEFL Prep I 1. e 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c
TOEFL Prep II 1. diverse 2. process 3. survive 4. generation
5. evolved
TOEFL Success 1. a 2. c